Monad

Every EOA must maintain a 10 MON reserve for async execution safety. Two-layer enforcement: consensus-time (inflight tx budget) and execution-time (revert if ending balance < reserve). Undelegated accounts get one emptying transaction per ~3 blocks that bypasses the reserve; delegated accounts (EIP-7702) cannot. Design implications: show spendable vs total balance, account for reserve in MAX buttons, detect delegation status for emptying tx eligibility, handle transactions that revert after block inclusion, warn when approaching reserve threshold. Design decisions: whether to surface emptying transaction option for sub-10-MON balances vs. simply prompting to add funds.

Consensus finalizes before execution completes — transactions are 'in' but state updates follow. Design implications: show transaction stages (Proposed → Voted → Finalized → Verified), display 'Awaiting execution' status after inclusion, indicate state root finality separately from transaction finality. Design decisions: whether to show Finalized (800ms, safe for most) or wait for Verified (1.6s, guaranteed state) for confirmations; how to explain the 3-block execution lag simply.

Transactions execute in parallel but results are identical to serial execution — same guarantees, faster throughput. Design implications: no UI changes needed for parallel execution (it's transparent), can show 10,000 TPS capability in network stats, transaction ordering guarantees remain — display order matches execution order. Design decisions: whether to surface parallel execution as a feature (marketing) or keep invisible (it just works); avoid implying transactions can 'race' each other.

No global mempool — transactions go directly to upcoming block leaders, reducing MEV and improving inclusion times. Design implications: remove 'pending in mempool' states (transactions either included or not), no sandwich attack warnings needed, use lower default slippage (0.5% vs 1-3%), show confident price quotes without 'may change due to MEV' caveats. Design decisions: remove MEV protection toggles entirely (cleaner) vs. keep for cross-chain consistency; how to explain faster inclusion without complex mempool concepts.

EIP-7702 account abstraction supported with reserve balance constraints — delegated EOAs can't drain below 10 MON. Design implications: show clear warnings when delegating EOA ('10 MON minimum balance required while delegated'), indicate delegation status in account views, warn if attempting to send all funds from delegated account. Design decisions: whether delegation UI should enforce 10 MON check upfront or allow and show clear revert reasons; how to explain the CREATE/CREATE2 restriction for advanced users.

Transactions finalize in 800ms (2 blocks), with speculative finality at 400ms — near-instant confirmation UX. Design implications: show confirmation in under 1 second, remove 'waiting for confirmations' multi-block progress bars, enable real-time trading UIs, display 'Finalized' badge quickly. Design decisions: whether to confirm at speculative finality (400ms, extremely rare reverts) or full finality (800ms, guaranteed) — most apps should use speculative for responsiveness.

Cold storage access costs ~4x more gas than Ethereum to reflect Monad's optimized compute vs. storage ratio. Design implications: gas estimates may differ from Ethereum for storage-heavy operations, show Monad-specific gas estimates (not Ethereum defaults), first-touch storage operations cost more. Design decisions: whether to surface repricing details in advanced gas settings or just show accurate Monad estimates; ensure gas estimation tools use Monad-specific pricing.