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137 StandardsUpdated 8 Sept 2026

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Physical & Real World

Connecting NFTs to physical items

4 standards·Spans 1 journey stages·4 Final
Final

Adopted standard, safe to implement

Last Call

Final review period before adoption

Review

Widely deployed but not yet Final

Draft

Early stage proposal, may change

Monad

Monad-specific standard (MIP or chain-native feature)

Final

Verify request

NFTs Tied to Physical Assets

Ethereum
ERC-4519FinalAccepted and stable

Users own NFTs cryptographically tied to physical IoT devices — the device itself has an Ethereum address and must authenticate with the owner before it can be used. Design implications: show device authentication status (waitingForOwner → engagedWithOwner → engagedWithUser), design pairing flow UI, display physical asset address alongside owner address, show timeout warnings if device hasn't checked in. Design decisions: how technical to make the key exchange UI, whether to visualize the mutual authentication handshake, handling authentication failures gracefully, UX for transferring ownership (requires re-authentication).

Stages: Specialized Interactions

Link item

Digital Receipt NFTs

Ethereum
ERC-5570FinalAccepted and stable

Users receive NFT receipts for purchases containing structured transaction data — vendor info, line items, prices, tax, serial numbers — all on-chain and parseable by financial software. Design implications: render receipt metadata as formatted document view, show vendor branding (logo, contact), display itemized list with quantities/prices/tax, provide print/export functionality, show digital signature verification. Design decisions: how receipt-like vs NFT-like to make the display, handling PII privacy (encryption indicators), whether to integrate with accounting software exports, mobile-friendly receipt viewing.

Stages: Specialized Interactions

Link item

Multi-redeemable NFTs

Ethereum
ERC-6672FinalAccepted and stable

Users can redeem the same NFT for multiple different perks across different campaigns — a concert ticket NFT might be redeemable for entry, merchandise, and a meet-and-greet separately. Design implications: show list of available redemptions per NFT with status (available/redeemed/shipping), display operator-specific redemption flows, design redemption history view, show which campaigns/operators have active redemptions. Design decisions: how to organize multiple redemptions visually, whether to show redemption status progression (redeemed → paid → shipping), handling operator-specific metadata display, UX for discovering new redemption opportunities.

Stages: Specialized Interactions

Link item

Physical Asset Redemption

Ethereum
ERC-7578FinalAccepted and stable

Users holding physical-asset-backed NFTs can see verified real-world details: who issued it, who holds the physical item, where it's stored, legal terms, and declared value. Design implications: display token issuer, asset holder, storage location as structured fields, link to legal terms (IPFS), show jurisdiction and declared value prominently, design verification badges for issuer reputation. Design decisions: how much legal info to surface upfront vs expandable sections, whether to show issuer verification status, formatting currency/value display, handling missing optional fields gracefully.

Stages: Specialized Interactions