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Physical & Real World

Connecting NFTs to physical items

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5 guides·Spans 5 journey stages·5 Final proposals

Specification status

  • Final

    Stable specification; check network and product support

Final proposals

ERC-4519FinalStable specification; check network and product support

NFTs Tied to Physical Assets

ERC-4519 links an NFT to a physical asset address and defines mutual authentication with the owner or user. It does not require NFC or another particular transport; the implementation chooses the channel, key provisioning, and trust process for physical collectibles, devices, and other assets.

Stages: Specialized Interactions

EthereumOpen guide
ERC-5570FinalStable specification; check network and product support

Digital Receipt NFTs

Users receive NFT receipts for purchases containing a structured JSON schema for vendor info, line items, prices, tax, and serial numbers. The NFT ownership and metadata URI are on-chain references; receipt JSON may live off-chain and should expose its source and availability.

Stages: Specialized Interactions

EthereumOpen guide
ERC-6672FinalStable specification; check network and product support

Multi-redeemable NFTs

Users can redeem the same NFT for multiple different perks across different campaigns — a concert ticket NFT might be redeemable for entry, merchandise, and a meet-and-greet separately.

Stages: Specialized Interactions

EthereumOpen guide
ERC-7578FinalStable specification; check network and product support

Physical Asset Redemption

Users holding physical-asset-backed NFTs can inspect issuer-declared real-world details: who issued it, who holds the physical item, where it's stored, legal terms, and declared value. Verify those claims separately before presenting them as trusted.

Stages: Specialized Interactions

EthereumOpen guide
ERC-7943FinalStable specification; check network and product support

Universal RWA Interface

ERC-7943 defines uRWA interfaces for transfer eligibility, frozen balances, and privileged enforcement actions across ERC-20, ERC-721, ERC-1155, and ERC-6909 assets. Concrete implementations such as CMTA's CMTAT-ACE integration expose these controls, but the standard does not define a universal compliance policy, legal reason, authority, or wallet UI; applications must feature-detect the base and uRWA interfaces and show the actual contract policy.

Stages: Asset Discovery & Display, Approving & Permissioning +2

EthereumOpen guide